Process for Melting and Refining Soda-Lime Glass

ABSTRACT

A process for making soda-lime glass includes calcinating calcium carbonate in solid phase and at elevated temperature to form calcium oxide and release gases such as carbon dioxide. Sodium silicate glass is formed separately in liquid phase while releasing gaseous reaction products. The calcium oxide and the sodium silicate glass intermediate products are mixed in liquid phase to form a soda-lime glass melt. Formation of sodium silicate glass as an intermediate product before mixing with the calcium oxide has the advantage of promoting release of gaseous reaction products in the sodium silicate due at least in part to the relatively low viscosity of the sodium silicate glass. The calcination step and/or the sodium silicate-forming step and/or the final mixing step can be carried out under reduced pressure further to promote release of gases and reduce bubble formation.

The present disclosure relates to a process for melting and refining soda-lime glass, and particularly to such a process that employs sodium silicate glass as an intermediate product.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, is prevalent in the manufacture of glass containers and other glass products. Formation of the raw glass melt typically involves mixing the various glass-forming components at elevated temperature. The glass typically has a residence time in a furnace on the order of twenty-four hours to refine the glass by driving off gases and dissolving solids. The gases must be driven off ultimately to produce a solidified glass product without entrained gas bubbles; the process of removing bubbles in molten glass is called “refining.” In addition to being undesirably slow, this in-furnace process involves a large amount of space and high energy input.

A general object of the present disclosure is to provide a process for making soda-lime glass, which is more rapid and requires less energy input than conventional processes.

The present disclosure embodies a number of aspects that can be implemented separately from or in combination with each other.

A process for making soda-lime glass, in accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, includes (a) forming sodium silicate glass in liquid phase and in the absence of water while releasing gaseous reaction products, and (b) mixing the sodium silicate glass reaction product of step (a) with other materials to form a soda-lime glass melt. The low viscosity of the molten sodium silicate glass (relative to or as compared with soda-lime glass at the same temperature) enables and promotes release of gaseous reaction products such as carbon dioxide.

A process for making soda-lime glass, in accordance with another aspect of the disclosure, includes calcinating calcium carbonate in solid phase and at elevated temperature to form calcium oxide and release gases such as carbon dioxide. Sodium silicate glass is formed separately in liquid phase while releasing gaseous reaction products. The calcinated calcium carbonate and sodium silicate glass intermediate products are mixed to form a soda-lime glass melt. Formation of sodium silicate glass as an intermediate product before mixing with the calcium oxide has the advantage of promoting release of gaseous reaction products in the sodium silicate glass due at least in part to the low viscosity of the sodium silicate glass (relative to or as compared with soda-lime glass at the same temperature). Thus, the calcium oxide intermediate product and/or the sodium silicate glass intermediate product is it least partially if not entirely refined, and at least partially if not entirely free of gases and gas bubbles, prior to the mixing stage. This greatly reduces the time and energy required for the final mixing stage to produce the soda-lime glass melt. The calcination step and/or the sodium silicate glass-forming step and/or the final mixing step can be carried out under reduced pressure further to promote release of gases and reduce bubble formation.

In one embodiment, the sodium silicate glass, is formed by melting soda ash in the presence of silica, releasing carbon dioxide gas. In another embodiment, the sodium silicate glass is formed by melting sodium chloride in the presence of silica and steam to form the sodium silicate and release hydrogen chloride gas.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure, together with additional objects, features, advantages and aspects thereof, will best be understood from the following description, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a basic process for melting and refining soda-lime glass in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the disclosure; and

FIGS. 2 and 3 are functional block diagrams of modifications to respective stages in the process of FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 illustrates a process for making soda-lime glass, also called soda-lime-silica glass, in accordance with one exemplary embodiment of the disclosure. A first stage 10 of the process involves solid state (solid phase) calcination of raw materials. In one embodiment, calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is input, such as in the form of limestone, and heated to release carbon dioxide (CO2). This step may be carried out at a temperature of about 800° C. to about 1300° C. In a second embodiment 10 a in FIG. 2, the solubility of the calcinated product in the final mixing stage can be improved by calcination in the presence of silica (SiO2) to form at least some calcium silicate (CaO—SiO2), which is more readily dissolved at the mixing stage. This calcination stage 10 or 10 a can be carried out at reduced pressure (vacuum) to enhance release of carbon dioxide.

A second stage of the process involves melting, reacting and refining input materials and production of sodium silicate glass in liquid (molten) phase. This sodium silicate glass is a “dry” glass in the sense that it is not dissolved in water. In one embodiment 20 in FIG. 1, soda ash (Na2CO3) is blended with silica at elevated temperature to produce sodium silicate glass (Na2O—SiO2) and release carbon dioxide. The soda ash and silica can be in a molar ration of about 1:1 to about 1:5. In an alternative embodiment 20 a in FIG. 3, the sodium silicate glass is formed by reaction of sodium chloride (NaCl) with steam (H2O) and silica (SiO2) to produce the sodium silicate glass and release hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas. This stage 20 or 20 a preferably takes place at an elevated temperature, such as about 900° C. to 1700° C. This stage can be carried out at low pressure (vacuum) to promote release of carbon dioxide or hydrogen chloride gaseous products. The relatively low viscosity of the sodium silicate glass (i.e., relative to or as compared with the viscosity of typical soda-lime glass at the same temperature above the glass transition temperature of the sodium silicate glass, at which the sodium silicate glass is in liquid phase, and in the absence of water) readily promotes and permits release of gaseous reaction products, without formation of bubbles.

At a third stage 30 of FIG. 1, the calcium oxide product of stage 10 or 10 a is mixed with the liquid product of stage 20 or 20 a. The relatively low viscosity of the sodium silicate glass product of stage 20 or 20 a promotes mixing, dissolution, homogenization and release of any remaining gases in stage 30. For example, the already-molten sodium silicate glass may have a temperature below 1500 C when the higher melting point components (CaO melts at 2572 C, and SiO2 transitions to glass (melts) at 1600 to 1725 C) are mixed and dissolved therein. Stage 30 can include mixing, for example by mechanical agitation such as stirring, to promote dissolution and homogenization of the mixture. Stage 30 can be carried out at reduced pressure (vacuum) to promote release of gases. This stage can be carried out at a temperature greater than about 900° C. Additional raw materials 40 can be added at stage 30, such as addition of silica to achieve the desired silica level in the glass melt and/or other additives such as colorants and/or calcium oxide (CaO) and/or cullet (recycled) glasses and/or other minor ingredients.

Although stages 10 and 10 a are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 and discussed above as alternatives, these stages can be combined if desired. Likewise, stages 20 and 20 a can be alternatives or combined. It also will be appreciated that, although “stages” are discussed and shown in the drawings, the process of the disclosure preferably is a continuous process with stages 10 and 20, for example, taking place simultaneously and together feeding stage 30 at rates that supply a continuous output from stage 30. In other words, there preferably is a continuous infeed of raw materials to stages 10 and 20, for example, continuous feeds of intermediate reaction products from stages 10 and 20 to stage 30, continuous infeed of additional raw materials at stage 40 if needed, and a continuous outfeed of soda-lime glass from stage 30 to further glass manufacturing stages.

The entire process illustrated in the drawings can be carried out in about three to four hours, as compared with the twenty-four hour residence time typically needed in the prior art, and at a theoretical estimated energy input of about 1.5 megajoules per ton versus an estimated theoretical energy of 2.2 megajoules per ton typical of the prior art.

There thus has been disclosed a process for making soda-lime glass that fully achieves all of the objects and aims previously set forth. The disclosure has been presented in conjunction with presently preferred embodiments, and alternatives and modifications have been discussed. Other alternatives and modifications readily will suggest themselves to persons of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing description. The disclosure is intended to embrace all such modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 

1. A process for making soda-lime glass, which includes the steps of: (a) forming sodium silicate glass (Na2SiO3) in liquid phase and in the absence of water while releasing gaseous reaction products, and (b) mixing the sodium silicate product of step (a) with other materials to form a soda-lime glass melt.
 2. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein said step (a) and/or said step (b) is carried out under reduced pressure to promote release of gases.
 3. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein said step (a) includes melting soda ash (Na2CO3) in the presence of silica (SiO2) to form said sodium silicate glass and release carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.
 4. The process set forth in claim 3 wherein said soda ash and said silica are in a molar ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:5.
 5. The process set forth in claim 3 wherein said step (b) is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 900° C. to about 1700° C.
 6. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein said step (a) includes melting sodium chloride (NaCl) in the presence of silica (SiO2) and steam (H2O) to form said sodium silicate glass and release hydrogen chloride (HCI) gas.
 7. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein said step (b) includes addition of cullet glass and/or silica (SiO2) and/or calcium oxide (CaO) and/or other minor ingredients.
 8. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein said step (b) includes mixing to promote dissolution and homogenization of the mixture.
 9. The process set forth in claim 8 wherein said step (b) is carried out at a temperature greater than about 900° C.
 10. A process for making soda-lime glass, which includes the steps of: (a) calcinating calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in solid phase and at elevated temperature to form calcium oxide (CaO) and release gas, (b) forming sodium silicate glass (Na2SiO3) in liquid phase while releasing gaseous reaction products, and (c) mixing the calcium'oxide product of step (a) with the sodium silicate product of step (b), in liquid phase, to form a soda-lime glass melt.
 11. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said steps (a) and/or said step (b) and/or said step (c) is carried out under reduced pressure to promote release of gases.
 12. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (b) includes melting soda ash (Na2CO3) in the presence of silica (SiO2) to form said sodium silicate glass and release carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.
 13. The process set forth in claim 12 wherein said soda ash and said silica are in a molar ratio of about 1:1 to about 1:5.
 14. The process set forth in claim 12 wherein said step (b) is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 900° C. to about 1700° C.
 15. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (b) includes melting sodium chloride (NaCl) in the presence of silica (SiO2) and steam (H2O) to form said sodium silicate glass and release hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas.
 16. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (a) includes calcinating calcium carbonate in the presence of silica (SiO2) to release carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.
 17. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (a) is carried out at a temperature in the range of about 800° C. to about 1300° C.
 18. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (c) includes addition of silica (SiO2).
 19. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (c) includes addition of cullet glass and/or calcium oxide (CaO) and/or other minor ingredients.
 20. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (c) includes mixing to promote dissolution and homogenization of the mixture.
 21. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (c) is carried out at a temperature greater than about 900° C.
 22. The process set forth in claim 10 wherein said step (b) is carried out in the absence of water. 